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The House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee met on October 4th to hear testimony on matters under its jurisdiction related to the Texas-Mexico border. The hearing can be found here.

This report is intended to give you an overview and highlight of the discussions on the various topics taken up. It is not a verbatim transcript of the discussions but is based upon what was audible or understandable to the observer and the desire to get details out as quickly as possible with few errors or omissions.

 

Opening Comments

  • Chair Collier – Will discuss criminal procedure in TX, due process and proper representation
  • Concern over what is happening at TX/MX border; TX has obligation to comply with terms of U.S. Constitution when it comes to access to counsel
  • Want to ensure TX has resources and technology to protect rights of individuals
  • Will only hear invited testimony; refrain from talking about specific bills/legislation, focus on state rather than federal actions

 

Steve McCraw, DPS

  • No state immigration violation; criminal arrests DPS has been making have been for trespassing
  • Started with concern from sheriffs about jail capacities; border patrol overwhelmed
  • Cartels making millions from human smuggling operation; objective is to get people to metropolitan cities; staff being taken off of front lines to process people
  • Residents along border living in fear; can’t arrest more trespassers due to lack of county jail capacities
  • Simple process for arrests and courts; DPS only involvement is the arrests
  • People dying in remote areas of border trying to cross; cartels don’t value human life
  • Working with Kinney County, temporary fences directing people into Kinney;
  • Over 100,000 illegal immigrants being processed a week, not including those who get away
  • Putting no-trespassing signs along border in English and Spanish, clear that they are trespassing
  • Fentanyl a problem, increase of overdoses due to cartel trade; cartels have taken over drug trade in U.S.
  • Difference between human smuggling and trafficking; young girls being recruited under guise of life in U.S.
  • Collier – Is Operation Lonestar targeting certain area of border?
    • Began with focus on Del Rio sector, expanding out as migration increases in other areas
  • Collier – When people are arrested, are they told why?
    • Yes, tell them it’s for criminal trespassing
  • Collier – Have right from landowners to look on their property for trespassers?
    • Yes, fences built with permission
  • Collier – Resources being burdened and greatly taxed; is state seeking reimbursement from federal government for DPS work?
    • No reimbursement so far
  • Collier – 6,693 arrests have taken place; where are they from?
    • Can get the data; not all from Mexico, some U.S. citizens charged with smuggling; cartels marketing to U.S. citizens
  • Collier – How many arrests have you made for smuggling?
    • 1,285 for criminal trespassing, not sure how many for smuggling or drug distribution; being tracked
  • Collier – Not all from Mexico, recently saw a lot of coverage regarding Haitians
    • Arrests represent 153 countries; can get you that information
  • Crockett – Talked about concern regarding cartels, personal concern is target on criminal trespassing; not aware of number of cartel-related issues?
    • Lists data regarding apprehensions and arrests; can break down drug-related arrests, felony-pursuit arrests
  • Crockett – Concerned that people are being sent to prison before conviction of a crime; pre-trial confinement, people presumed guilty before proven
    • TDCJ acting as a jail; holding cells; brought up to jail standards to hold arrestees
  • Crockett – Concerned about AC when it comes to TDCJ
    • Did have to bring in AC
  • Crockett – People being housed in counties where they will be tried?
    • Yes, not sure how that all works
  • Collier – Who is going to jail? Children detained?
    • Not taking family units; call border patrol to handle a few family units
    • Sometimes a lag in response; but border patrol comes to pick up families quickly
  • Collier – How long can you hold someone?
    • Each case is different; hours is inappropriate, ties up resources
  • Collier – Any arrests with children?
    • No, apprehend them and turn them over to border patrol
  • Collier – When are rights read to person apprehended?
    • Gives example of certain cases depending on offense, depending on interaction, person
  • Collier – How much time between detention and arrest?
    • Can be instantaneous
  • Collier – Read in paper that there were large amounts of people not being told why they were being detained?
    • Not true
  • Collier – Difference between an arrest and charging someone with a crime?
    • Difference between detention and arrest; call border patrol if no crime is committed
  • Collier – If person is arrested and charged, does DPS do anything else?
    • Do all the things the county requires
  • Collier – Done after person is delivered to jail?
    • Can follow up on charges, but others involved at that point
  • Bell – Have you seen any additional support to border patrol from federal government?
    • Federal government has failed to supply funding to secure border
  • Bell – Haven’t seen any additional border patrol agents?
    • Influx of agents when there were all those Haitian migrants at Del Rio
  • Bell – Bottom line is that if someone is one someone else’s property, it is criminal trespassing; American citizens or not, they have committed a crime
  • Bell – What does DPS need from committee?
    • Appreciate opportunity to speak
  • Collier – How much does it cost a day to operate Operation Lonestar?
    • $2.5 million a week
    • Have money for recruiting school, got more agents down to border
  • Collier – What about the fence?
    • At low-level river areas, where landowners are being overrun; idea is to protect landowner and state, so people can’t pour through area; diverts crowd
  • Collier – Doesn’t include trucks blocking border?
    • No, that was for the influx of Haitian migrants at Del Rio; had to contain area
  • Collier – How many DPS agents were there?
    • At most 1,500; 600 on standby to address other areas
  • Collier – How many DPS workers in this field?
    • Brought resources from across state
    • 4400 commissioned officers
  • Hinojosa – Concern about resources going into criminal trespassing enforcement; wants clarity regarding numbers, seems Operation Lonestar has only focused on criminal trespassing
    • Criminal trespassing just a part of it; Operation Lonestar supposed to secure whole border area
  • Hinojosa – What percent of people are being held for things other than criminal trespassing?
    • Smugglers; anyone charged with a state crime, drug trafficking
  • Hinojosa – Trying to gauge what % of resources are being used for criminal trespassing; said state has put up fencing, where is this?
    • On private property, mostly in Val Verde County
  • Hinojosa – Against the law to use state funds for private purposes, what is the authorization to use state funds?
    • Wasn’t my decision; temporary fencing, was a state need
  • Hinojosa – Saw story about Operation Lonestar seeing a 1000% increase in traffic citations?
    • Everything based on probable cause, will look into this
  • Hinojosa – Operation Lonestar started in Del Rio, now all along border?
    • Yes
  • Hinojosa – Focusing operation only on area with temporary fencing on private property?
    • No, temporary fencing in other places like train depots
    • For criminal trespassing, every place where temporary fencing is there is an agreement with DPS
  • Hinojosa – What training are agents given regarding criminal trespassing?
    • Need to make sure elements of penal code are met; guidelines given regarding how to operate
  • Hinojosa – Would you be concerned if DPS officers were arresting people for criminal trespassing when no fence had been breached and no signs were posted?
    • Concerned anytime a DPS officer doesn’t make an arrest correctly
  • Crockett – Mentioned Val Verde; majority of criminal trespassing cases in Val Verde have been dismissed? Must think something wrong is happening
    • Yes; talked to DPS about it, most dismissals because they weren’t charged in a timely matter, outside DPS jurisdiction
  • Crockett – How long on average does it take a DPS officer to turn in a report?
    • Days if anything; overwhelmed with arrests, and inability to process, so cases are being dismissed
  • Crockett – Regarding number of officers in area of operation, more than 50% of entire DPS force in border region; what was the purpose of them being there? Influx of Haitians at border there to seek asylum
    • Didn’t spend half of resources at Del Rio, number covered all of border region; not involved in asylum-seeking process, were there to ensure that cartels weren’t taking advantage of influx of people
  • Hinojosa – Concern that people are being arrested for criminal trespassing and taking people’s right to seek asylum away
    • Those that are criminally trespassing are not trying to find border patrol to seek asylum; those looking to seek asylum are actively looking to surrender to officials
  • Hinojosa – What are we gaining with investment of arresting people for criminal trespassing?
    • Arrests deter people from doing it; people whose land is being trespassed want to see arrests
  • Hinojosa – Have you arrested any noncitizens for criminal trespassing?
    • Maybe, doesn’t know
  • Collier – Those seeking asylum may not know proper pathway
    • Cartels good at educating people to know where to go; those trespassing are trying to avoid detection
  • Collier – Those seeking asylum, are charges of trespassing dropped if they are truly seeking asylum?
    • Up to prosecutor
  • Collier – What do you do with those seeking asylum?
    • Not arrested, sent to border patrol; especially women and children

 

Maria Elena Ramone, Office of Court Administration

  • Judiciary role in Operation Lonestar is to adjudicate guilt or innocence
  • Set up temporary booking facility in Val Verde; were seeing 200 criminal cases a day; 30 retired visiting judges assisting in processing process
  • Magistration proceedings are currently being conducted at Val Verde booking facility; judges working remotely; 3 sessions a day, 2 sessions a day on weekends
  • 1,000 individuals have been processed in Val Verde by retired judges; have hired 2 additional court workers and 5 additional court interpreters
  • Collier – Heard that 6,000 people have been apprehended; where have all of these people gone?
    • That number started in March; assigned judges didn’t start until July
    • Processing only the people arrested in Val Verde or Kinney County
    • Not aware of similar booking centers
  • Collier – Keeping track of where other magistrates happening?
    • No, just in Val Verde
    • Request made specifically for this operation; only have been asked to assist in this area
  • Collier – So no data to show if apprehensions have increased in other areas along border?
    • No data given to us; OCA gets minimal case information from county or district court
    • Currently working on a bail system; will have a more robust sense of arrests and data then
  • Collier – How did OCA find out about Val Verde and Kinney needs?
    • Asked to step in; haven’t been asked by anyone else
    • Ready to send out letter to every county that is part of emergency declaration to offer guidance
  • Ramone – Local courts also need assistance in processing cases once filed
  • 192 misdemeanor cases in Kinney County, only 16 filed in 2020; 800 arrests in Kinney County, so 4,900% increase
  • Visiting judges also working to help with docket; local courts need lots of resources including technology, staff, interpreters
  • Collier – Who was handling magistration before?
    • JP or county court at law
  • Collier – Are defendants given warnings regarding ramifications of charges?
    • Not sure, probably
  • Collier – How many outstanding cases?
    • Magistrated within 24 hours; fast process, why there are 3 time slots in a day
  • Collier – Sounds like this isn’t happening?
    • Understanding that it is happening; there are some cases in which cases are dismissed and released
    • When magistrated, released or transferred to Briscoe Unit; that can take some amount of time
  • Collier – 200 cases a day?
    • Anticipated number; fluctuates between 0-40 a day; haven’t seen numbers as high as 200
  • Collier – Taken where after magistration?
    • To Briscoe Unit; transport units twice a day
  • Crockett – Concern over reports of constitutional violations; how can we prevent this from happening?
    • Not a typical OCA role; people who are magistrated out of Val Verde, fewer than 50 have waived counsel; contacting people who waive counsel to ensure that they understand what they are doing; working with TDCJ
  • Hinojosa – Is there something in the system where if a county has a rate of waiving of counsel higher than normal it alerts OCA?
    • TX Indigent Defense System monitors counties when it comes to this
  • Hinojosa – What cases are you all seeing?
    • Almost 100% criminal trespassing; some cases of smuggling, evading arrests; lots of charges layered on
  • Hinojosa – What % just for criminal trespassing?
    • Don’t have that number
  • Hinojosa – Are defendants being charged formally by state within 30 days?
    • Understanding that over 200 cases have been dismissed for this reason; there are some that are not
  • Crockett – Do you have any numbers regarding how many are handed over to ICE? So not really being released
    • Can find out
  • Crockett – How much is it costing to hold each inmate?
    • Don’t have this information
  • Collier – Have any procedural rules been altered by TJC relating to this process?
    • No, supreme court issued order has made some changes to make it easier for counsel to be appointed for defendants
  • Collier – What role does OCA play in Operation Lonestar?
    • OCA’s role is to help local judiciary to extent that they need it
  • Collier – Distributing money to counties?
    • No, distributing resources like interpreters, technology, extra judges
  • Collier – Money that you have for judges, do local magistrates get training?
    • Help with technology and software operation and training; have video to help them
  • Collier – How much money have you spent so far?
    • Got $1.9 million, not sure how much has been spent; not confident that it is enough, but will do what they can

 

Jason Clark, TX Department of Criminal Justice

  • Involvement in Operation Lonestar began in June; urgent need in Del Rio area
  • Briscoe Unit has 1300 beds; began receiving inmates in July; compliant with jail standards
  • Have 943 licensed jailers; had to increase jail staff; installed AC in Briscoe Unit
  • As individuals are arrested by DPS, brought to county magistration center; TDCJ helping with this, and then transporting individuals to Briscoe Unit
  • Have made changes in terms of attorney access; whether in person or via Zoom
  • Make sure individuals receive proper guidance through process
  • ICE is on site at facility; interview individuals as they come into Briscoe Unit to figure out legality; place detainer on individual; 400 individuals have been transferred into ICE Custody
  • Collier – Is it typical for ICE to be there?
    • Yes, have institutional hearing program at facility as well
  • Collier – Were they already at Briscoe Unit?
    • No
  • Collier – How many people at Briscoe Unit?
    • 651 people
  • Collier – Do state prisons have AC requirement?
    • No; Briscoe Unit has AC in compliance with jail standards
    • Received funding to continue to do pockets of AC in more prisons
  • Collier – AC in Briscoe Unit temporary?
    • Gives snapshot of huge cost associated; $7.7 million for one unit
    • AC just for those confined under Operation Lonestar
  • Collier – How are you accommodating influx of attorney visits? Limits on communication with lawyer?
    • Zoom, was a learning curve but working with OCA to make sure each individual has proper access to attorney
    • No limits; allow them to have constant access to telephones
    • Make sure individuals know they can have constant access to attorneys
    • Have private meeting spaces to converse with attorneys; facilitate group meetings, created computer systems
  • Collier – Do individuals who have not been convicted have different access and freedoms?
    • Open access, cells are open, can interact, use telephone, be in day room
  • Collier – Where are women being housed?
    • Not housing any women; doesn’t believe DPS is arresting women
  • Collier – Holding people arrested at Val Verde center?
    • Primarily Kinney County, some Val Verde; limited area
  • Hinojosa – What happened to the people who were at Briscoe Unit before Operation Lonestar?
    • Transferred to other prisons across state
  • Hinojosa – How does TDCJ have authority to house people with misdemeanors?
    • Unit was repurposed, met standards of jail commission
  • Hinojosa – Other prisons that will be used for Operation Lonestar?
    • Segovia Unit brought up to jail standards; 261 individuals at facility
    • Lopez State Jail; about 3,000 beds between 3 facilities
  • Hinojosa – What is pretrial procedure for those apprehended under Operation Lonestar? Are people posting bail? How many dismissed?
    • If someone is bonded out, get proper paperwork, make sure person doesn’t have detainer, if they do, send them to ICE
    • 344 people have posted bond; all released to ICE
    • 55 individuals have had time served
    • 90 cases dismissed
  • Hinojosa – Mentioned that it would cost $7.7 million to permanently install AC; were given $273 million, doable cost?
    • Money used for health of inmates and other needs
  • Collier – Said 55 had time served, was this before they got to state unit?
    • Plead out, granted 15 days time served, then transferred to ICE custody
  • Collier – Said some people have to stay 30 days only to be given sentence for 15 days; is there a penalty for holding someone over the amount of time necessary?
    • Process takes this amount of time
  • Collier – Has correctional staff had salary increases?
    • Pay has not changed; leveraging overtime where necessary
    • Have adjusted system of pay; monthly salary for starting staff $3,100 a month including health insurance
  • Clark – Snapshot of different countries; most from Mexico but 11 other countries; 30 U.S. citizens, majority charged with felony charges
  • Hinojosa – Out of the non-citizens, what are they charged with?
    • Majority criminal trespassing
  • Collier – What is cost of TDCJ for transportation to Briscoe Unit?
    • $5.9 million on Operation Lonestar; not broken down
    • Includes electrical infrastructure update, officer overtime, increased medical care

 

David Martinez, County Attorney for Val Verde County

  • Val Verde has been engaged in discussions with OCA, TDCJ, Governor’s Office to execute Operation Lonestar
  • Have had 290 arrests made for criminal trespassing; received 231, have filed 182; dismissed 85 filed cases
  • Collier – Prosecuting all of these cases?
    • Yes; typically, only see about 30-50 criminal trespassing cases; 300 cases in less than 3 months
  • Collier – Any lag or delay in handling of cases?
    • Streamlined intake process, have become very efficient
  • Collier – Any people detained whose cases have not been filed?
    • Only for recent arrests; small handful waiting on additional information
  • Collier – What is typical timeframe? Any deadline?
    • Once information given, can complete intake of case within 24-48 hours; not a statutory duty
    • 15 or 30 days to file case
    • Overview of what happens when a case is dismissed
  • Collier – Who is setting bail?
    • PR bonds; magistrates setting bond right after arrest within 24 hours;
  • Collier – Not every gets taken care of within 15 days?
    • For magistration process, no delays
    • As far as 15 day period, remains to be seen what prosecutors have been doing; being worked on to streamline process
    • Out of control
  • Crockett – State has set money aside so that those participating in cartel activities are being stopped; doesn’t sound like operation is yielding these results; of prosecutions, how many really fit mold of getting to breaking down cartels?
    • Difficult to say; bigger question is if this money is well spent
    • Criminal trespassing worthy to prosecute for landowners on border; like McGraw, looking for those who run from border patrol and DPS, not those wanting asylum
    • Doesn’t prosecute cases of those who are seeking asylum
  • Hinojosa – Numbers on how many cases you decided not to prosecute?
    • Of 231 cases, rejected 38 and dismissed 85 cases due to absent evidence, asylum seekers
  • Hinojosa – Reports of increase of traffic citations, has this been your experience?
    • Has been uptick in numbers of citations issued
  • Hinojosa – Reports of arrests happening that have bothered you?
    • No; have been cases where it looked like an immigrant who crossed illegally might have been escorted by national guard or border patrol or DPS onto private property and then arrested; only 10 or 11 occasions when unclear if it’s actual trespassing; these cases have been rejected
  • Hinojosa – Would this meet elements of entrapment?
    • Not sure
  • Collier – Very alarming; wonder if other offices are as thorough; standard to ask how they came onto property?
    • Some of the information relayed by defense counsel; sensitive to ensuring that efforts are well-intentioned
  • Collier – Who represents these cases?
    • Vast majority TX Rio Grande Valley Defense Aid
    • Only 9 private lawyers who are willing to take these cases

 

Jeff Burkhart, Texas Indigent Defense Commission

  • Granted funds to Lubbock Private Defense Office; private attorneys who take cases
  • LPDO appoint counsel, review vouchers from attorneys, make sure defendants have access to interpreters
  • Supreme Court had TIDC develop uniform procedures, including attorney qualifications, etc.
  • Got $29 million from border security bill
  • Regarding delays in receiving counsel, after magistration LPDO gets cases; over 95% appointment rate, only exception is those who chose to represent themselves
  • Period of several weeks where people arrested in Kinney County, taken to local magistration; TIDC not aware of this; none had been appointed counsel
  • TIDC contacted LPDO and appointed counsel; going forward, said they have to be magistrated at Val Verde processing center, have to get lists of people magistrated
  • Collier – Do you have control over where cases are being referred?
    • No
  • Collier – Are there other areas that should consider central magistration unit?
    • One big concern is cases that are not going through central magistration units
    • Lists counties along border near Big Bend that TIDC is concerned about, want central magistration unit there
  • Collier – 155 arrested in Kinney that were magistrated locally, have this corrected; those that were arrested, what is the repercussion?
    • Constitutional right; there are consequences
    • Appointment rates far lower in rural areas; don’t have funding or resources to appoint counsel
  • Collier – Give grants to offset these costs, does Kinney County have a grant?
    • Only grant a formula grant; improvement grants more effective
  • Collier – What happens to the 155 people who were slow to get court-appointed attorney?
    • Now have counsel, many have been released
  • Collier – No ramifications on state?
    • TIDC does have ability to monitor, authority to withhold grants; every county gets formula grant
    • Try to work hand in hand to bring them into compliance
  • Burkhart – Trying to work with DPS and others to know where arrests are taking place; have issues attracting enough attorneys to take these cases; only 40 persons on private attorney list, if get up to 200 arrests a day, won’t be able to handle it
  • Talking to about half a dozen public defender offices that can step in
  • Collier – If they have to call other public defender offices, what happens?
    • Looking for private attorneys, reach out to law firms
    • Reach out to public defender offices who are willing and able to step in
  • Burkhart – Last challenge is that there is a fundamental difference between a prison and a jail; volume of attorney visitation high, need to continue to be adapted to increase space for attorney-client meetings
  • Collier – Do defendants have right to have in-person conversation with lawyer?
    • Pandemic makes it hard; use Zoom and phone calls
  • Collier – Is TCDJ aware of limits on attorney visitation due to revamped jail spaces?
    • Yes
  • Collier – Are standardized procedures only for Val Verde?
    • For cases going through centralized facility; includes fee schedule of $75/hour for counsel
    • Trying to attract additional attorneys through better fees; there are some things that need to take place in person, can’t be all remote
  • Hinojosa – Mentioned difference between prisons and jails; what else should we be thinking about when it comes to repurposing prisons for pre-trail jails?
    • Outside area of expertise; Zoom capability is paramount, have ability for defendants to take part in trial but also still have attorney visitations; issues with AC

 

Philip Wischkaemper, Lubbock Public Defenders Office

  • Trying to build capacity with private attorneys; but only want 2 cases a month, some take 50 cases
  • Received $9.6 million last week; trying to reach out to other organizations to assist in representing defendants
  • Want to create teams to work on cases, that include lawyer and interpreter and staff
  • Going to need another assignments coordination, need a resource attorney just for operation Lonestar
  • Pay private attorneys $75 an hour plus travel
  • Have received 1,008 requests for counsel; most in one day was 82; have been able to assign counsel for 822; can take 5 days to locate attorney who can take more cases
  • TDCJ has been good to work with
  • Collier – Have you put a cap on how many you can handle? From Val Verde centralized center?
    • From Val Verde centralized center; trying to get everyone counsel as fast as possible
    • Not hard cases, but can be factually difficult
    • In short term have partnered with investigator in Del Rio
    • Need more capacity with increase in cases
  • Wischkaemper – Have had many reports of mental health issues with detainees; also need mental health counselors on staff to make sure mental health is being addressed
  • Hinojosa – For what percentage of cases were people charged with just criminal trespassing?
    • Out of 1,008, 14 felonies; less than 2% of cases are felonies
  • Hinojosa – What percentage of cases are being dismissed or dropped once appointed with counsel?
    • Don’t have that number
  • Hinojosa – Estimate of how much Operation Lonestar is costing you?
    • $29 million, 6.9 million upfront to fund teams; appropriated to TDIC
    • $800 per case for a team to represent one individual
    • $1.9 million will be funding private attorneys
    • Will lead to better outcomes for clients

 

Kristin Etter, TX RioGrande Legal Aid

  • Have been assigned 564 cases; all but 8 charged with criminal trespassing
  • 358 arrested in Kinney County, 206 arrested in Val Verde County; have had rejections and dismissals from Val Verde
  • Have seen DPS officers set up on private property and track migrants crossing border
  • Asylum seekers can present self anywhere on border
  • Trespassing signs being obscured, very few cases have proper notice; lack probable cause to begin with
  • Details inhumane treatment of detainees in Val Verde
  • Not a single case has gone to court in Kinney County; not getting documents, not getting dates, discovery
  • Collier – Isn’t there a procedure to make sure this happens within a certain amount of time?
    • Yes
    • Been making formal requests, not getting anything
  • Collier – Any clients women?
    • Only arresting men; if men with family members, won’t be arrested
  • Johnson – Any concern that arrests of single males encourage people to bring children over with them?
    • Yes, a concern
    • Preference is that single men not arrested at all
  • Johnson – Is anyone tracking how many men with young children cross? Want to make sure not encouraging a way to bypass
    • McGraw should know, don’t have access to statistics
  • Collier – What can be done to address Kinney County?
    • Overwhelmed, advice would be to not take case until prepared to follow law
    • Other than litigation, not sure how to make them comply
  • Crockett – Sounds like a failed operation; have heard goal of operation, to stop cartel activities; concerned about amount of criminal trespassing cases
    • No evidence that any of clients have connection to larger criminal activity
  • Hinojosa – Mentioned story about inhumane treatment?
    • Reported it to top-level DPS officers; sounds like officers are making immigrants cross into private property so they can then arrest them
  • Hinojosa – What happens to defendants once case is dismissed?
    • Different things: cases that have been dismissed, release ICE detainer and are taken to border to be turned over to border patrol
    • For cases with time-served, taken to ICE who release them or detain them
  • Crockett – Filing writs, wishes the requirement was for them to be simpler, shorter
    • Prosecutors following 17.51

 

Brianna Argueta, Restoring Justice

  • Represent clients out of Kinney County
  • Details one of client’s journey; looked for asylum, but was arrested for trespassing
  • Charged with misdemeanor charges, spending so much time in jail due to operational issues
  • Lots of due process violations out of Kinney County